Author: Security – Computerworld

Today’s AI models have a poor grasp of world history

Today’s AI models do a poor job of providing accurate information about world history, according to a new report from the Austrian research institute Complexity Science Hub (CSH).

In an experiment, OpenAI’s GPT-4, Meta’s Llama, and Google’s Gemini were asked to answer yes or no to historical questions — and only 46% of the answers were correct. GPT-4, for example, answered “yes” to the question of whether Ancient Egypt had a standing army, likely because the AI model chose to extrapolate data from other empires such as Persia.

“If you are told A and B 100 times and C one time, and then asked a question about C, you might just remember A and B and try to extrapolate from that,” researcher Maria del Rio-Chanona told Techcrunch.

According to the researchers, AI models have more difficulty providing accurate information about some regions than others, including sub-Saharan Africa.

Microsoft starts testing an AI-based search engine in Windows 11

Windows Insiders can now download a new beta version of Windows 11 that offers support for Microsoft’s new search engine based on artificial intelligence (AI); that means, among other things, it is possible to use natural language when performing a search.

For now, search functions are limited to finding images and documents in jpg, png, pdf, txt and xls formats.

To use the new AI search, a Copilot+ computer is required. And thanks to the special NPU chip in these PCs, users can try out the new search feature without being connected to the internet, The Verge reports.

As of now, the search tool works with English, French, Spanish, German, Japanese or Chinese.

Apple will add AI Mail tools to Macs and iPads this spring

Apple is about to improve its email application, Mail, on iPads and Macs. Both platforms will soon gain the same Apple Intelligence email summary and prioritization systems already available on iPhones — though not every iPhone user seems to have embraced the new systems.

What’s coming?

If you use an iPhone, you’ll already have experienced the system, which introduces a new user interface in Mail and uses artificial intelligence (AI) in an attempt to prioritize incoming email communications with smart categorization. The latter means your device can look at incoming correspondence and assign it to categories, which currently include the following groupings:

  • All Mail:  All your Mail in order of receipt.
  • Primary: All the messages Apple Intelligence thinks might be important to you within this category.
  • Transactions: Invoices, shopping receipts, and key messages from services and organizations, along with banking messages.
  • Updates: All the stuff you subscribe to. (I see this as a quick list of things to unsubscribe from.)
  • Promotions: Most marketing emails, which Apple describes as capturing special offers, deals and more.

Don’t worry about time-sensitive messages. Apple says these should automatically appear in your Primary account, even if the message belongs to a different category. That means you shouldn’t miss an important delivery when it arrives. Mail also uses AI to prioritize mails it believes might be more important, placing these at the top of the Primary mailbox.

How to manage categories

You can sort of teach Mail how to make better decisions when categorizing incoming emails. When you find an email gathered within an inappropriate category you can intervene.

On an iPhone, you do this by opening the message and tapping the three dots at the top right of the message page. A menu will appear, including an option to Categorize Sender. Tap this and you can assign emails from that sender to a more relevant category or leave automatic categorization on if you choose.

You can’t yet create your own custom groupings, such as for specific projects or workgroups, though you can use Smart Mailboxes to achieve this to some extent. Most observers believe that the capacity to build your own categories will be introduced eventually.

Had you noticed?

Apple has equipped email with a tool that lets you dig more deeply into the categories active on your device. Open Mail and tap the three dots icon at top right. Here you can switch between Categories and the traditional List view and also tap the About Categories item. When you do, you’ll be taken to an About Categories page in which you’ll find interesting information, such as:

  • How many of your messages are seen as being ones that matter the most. 
  • How many receipts, orders, and delivery-related emails you received in the last seven days.
  • The frequency and magnitude of promotional email received.

What else is coming?

The new tools will likely appear as Apple introduces new contextual awareness to its devices, which means Siri will be able to answer questions that relate to what’s on your screen or in your apps. That means you’ll be able to engage in tasks such as adding address data to contact cards, or checking your next dinner date with your gran while looking at a message from her.

What people think

Apple drew criticism when it first introduced these features, with some users not adapting to them at all. They complained about the icons used, and didn’t seem to understand how to manage the new features or the layout within Mail. But control remained in their hands; disabling Categories is simple.

On an iPhone, you open Mail, tap the three dots at the top right of the app, and then tap List View. This returns Mail to the time-based list view of incoming messages you are used to.

Which devices can use the feature?

Unlike other Apple Intelligence features, these Mail tools are available to most Apple devices capable of running the latest version of Apple’s operating systems, which basically means you don’t need to be using a recent device such as an M-series Mac if you want to use these tools.

When will these tools reach iPads and Macs?

We anticipate the new Mail features will arrive on iPads and Macs starting with the next major update, which is expected to arrive in April after extensive beta testing. That means you can expect the new Mail tools to arrive with iPad OS 18.4 and macOS 15.4, which should appear in spring. It is not clear whether these tools will form part of a wider introduction of more contextual intelligence across Apple’s devices.

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AI can predict career success from a facial image, study finds

A new study by researchers from four universities claims artificial intelligence (AI) models can predict career and educational success from a single image of a person’s face.

The researchers from Ivy League schools and others used photos from LinkedIn and photo directories of several top US MBA programs to determine what is called the Big Five personality traits for 96,000 graduates. It then compared those personality traits to employment outcomes and education histories of the graduates to determine correlation between the personality and success.

The findings highlight the significant impact AI could have as it shapes hiring practices. Employers and job seekers are increasingly turning to generative AI (genAI) to to automate their search tasks, whether it’s creating a shortlist of candidates for a position or writing a cover letter and resume. And data shows applicants can use AI to improve the chances of getting a particular job or a company finding the perfect talent match.

“I think personality affects career outcomes, and to the extent we can infer personality, we can predict their career outcomes,” said Kelly Shue, a study co-author and a Yale School of Management (SOM) finance professor.

Shue also noted there are many “disturbing moral implications” related to organizations using AI models to determine personalities. “I do worry this could be used in a way — to put lightly — it could make a lot of people unhappy,” she said. “Imagine using it in a hiring setting or as part of university admissions. A firm is trying to hire the best possible workers, and now in addition to screening on standard stuff, such as where you went to school and what degrees you have and your work experience, they’re going to screen you on your personality.

“I think our study may prompt [the technology’s] use, although we’re careful in the way we wrote it up in that we’re not advocating for adoption,” Shue said.

Organizations have been screening job applicants based on personality for years using behavioral assessments such as Pymetrics games, which measure up to 91 personality traits that fit into 9 different categories.

In fact, Shue said, “a ton” of companies already heavily use these more obvious estimates of someone’s personality, “they just haven’t been doing that from pictures of a person’s face,” she said. “I’ve known students who don’t get a callback after the behavioral assessment. So, presumably they were screened out based just on personality.”

Derived from a psychology framework, the Big Five personality traits (also known as the OCEAN model) comprise: Openness (curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity, imagination); Conscientiousness (organization, productiveness, responsibility); Extraversion (sociability, assertiveness, energy level); Agreeableness (compassion, respectfulness, trust); and Neuroticism (anxiety, depression, emotional volatility).

AI photo analysis

Yale School of Management

Depending on which personality trait surfaces in the AI’s assessment, a school or company might pass an applicant by. For example, someone whose photo shows a tendency toward neuroticism is less likely to be hired.

“Neurotic is a very important personality trait,” Shue said. “In much of our analysis, it seems to have substantial predictive power for labor market outcomes, often going in a negative direction.”

Or, for example, someone who is less conscientious might be passed over by college admissions. “I think it’s possible personality matters for admissions,” Shue said. “Maybe schools want people who are going to be successful in their future careers, maybe they want diversity in personality, but certainly personality does matter for a lot of outcomes.

“To the extent that a school wants to admit a class that’s more likely to have [successful outcomes] they’d want to screen on personality.”

Using a combination of computer vision and AI natural language processing (NLP) technologies, the researchers from Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, Reichman University, and Indiana University, were able to determine how the personality traits played into career and educational outcomes.

While someone changing their expression in a photo could play into how the AI perceives personality, Shue said the researchers seen “stability” in results using different photographs of the same individual. “We can also use separate algorithms to determine whether a person is smiling or not and if they’re holding that smile fixed,” she said.

There has already been pushback on the use of AI in culling job candidates, as the technology has proven to be flawed based on its data sources. “As AI continues to influence hiring practices, this research invites further exploration into its ethical, practical, and strategic considerations,” the study states.

Shue said the research highlights how cognitive skills and personality traits are key to labor market success, and that if a photo can uncover personality, it could be equally important to other factors on a resume.

“The reason we think it matters is when first companies are looking to hire, the key thing they’re looking at is education, or GPA and standardized test scores sometimes,” she said. “So, then, what we’re saying is our personality measures is in the same ballpark as those other measures or variables for how much they predict career success.”

The study also highlights that individual pay varies widely, and factors like race or education explain only a small portion of this variation. For example, while education matters for income, it doesn’t account for much of the variation in pay, which also includes experience and proficiency.

“Another way of looking at it,” Shue said, “is among people with say 12 years of education, there’s still huge variations in income within that group.”

The study also drew from previous research conducted on how personality traits could be revealed through an analysis of someone’s face. For example, a 2020 paper published in the scientific journal Nature noted a growing number of researchers had shown a link between facial images and the Big Five personality traits.

Other follow-on studies revealed how facial recognition technology could pick up on a person’s political affiliations through a facial image. That study used more than one million images to predict their political orientation by comparing their similarity to faces of liberals and conservatives.

“Political orientation was correctly classified in 72% of liberal–conservative face pairs, remarkably better than chance (50%), human accuracy (55%), or one afforded by a 100-item personality questionnaire (66%),” the study published in Nature revealed.

The newest study focused on four main objectives:

  • Human Capital: Cognitive skills and personality traits are crucial for labor market success, but scaling personality measurement is challenging.
  • Methodology: Researchers developed “Photo Big 5,” extracting personality traits from facial images of 96,000 MBA graduates, with strong predictive value for career outcomes.
  • Predictive Power: The Photo Big 5 predicts school rank, compensation, seniority, industry choice, job transitions, and career growth, with modest links to GPA.
  • Ethics: The method improves accessibility and resists manipulation, but raises concerns about discrimination and autonomy.

A subsection of the study also cites literature about how a person’s facial image can uncover someone’s genetic makeup or even how pre-natal environment can contribute to personality.

Genetics, Shue said, can explain 30% to 60% of the variation in personality across individuals. There’s also research showing early childhood hormone exposure affects personality and how people look.

“So, then, I don’t think there’s a stretch to say there’s a strong genetic as well as environmental component to how we look, there’s a strong genetic-environmental component to our personality,” she said.

Delays in TSMC’s Arizona plant spark supply chain worries

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) has said it is unlikely to equip its new US plant in Arizona with its most advanced chip technology ahead of its Taiwan factories, raising concerns about supply-chain hurdles for tech companies.

Speaking at a university event in Taiwan, TSMC CEO and Chairman C.C. Wei attributed the delays at TSMC’s Arizona factory to a combination of complex compliance requirements, local construction regulations, and extensive permitting processes, according to a Reuters report

2025’s first Patch Tuesday: 159 patches, including several zero-day fixes

Microsoft began 2025 with a hefty patch release this month, addressing eight zero-days with 159 patches for Windows, Microsoft Office and Visual Studio. Both Windows and Microsoft Office have “Patch Now” recommendations (with no browser or Exchange patches) for January.

Microsoft also released a significant servicing stack update (SSU) that changes how desktop and server platforms are updated, requiring additional testing on how MSI Installer, MSIX and AppX packages are installed, updated, and uninstalled. 

To navigate these changes, the Readiness team has provided this useful infographic detailing the risks of deploying the updates.

Known issues 

Readiness worked with both Citrix and Microsoft to detail the more serious update issues affecting enterprise desktops, including:

  • Windows 10/11: Following the installation of the October 2024 security update, some customers report that theOpenSSH (Open Secure Shell) service fails to start, preventing SSH connections. The service fails without detailed logging; manual intervention is required to run the sshd.exe process. Microsoft is investigating the issue with no (as of now) published schedule for either mitigations or a resolution.

Citrix reported significant issues with its Session Recording Agent (SRA), causing the January update to fail to complete successfully. Microsoft published a security bulletin (KB5050009) that says: “Affected devices might initially download and apply the January 2025 Windows security update correctly, such as via the Windows Update page in Settings.” Once this situation occurs, however, the update process stops and proceeds to rollback to the original state.

In short, if you have the Citrix SRA installed, your device was (likely) not updated this month.

Major revisions

For this Patch Tuesday, we have the following revisions to previously released updates:

Microsoft also released CVE-2025-21224 to address two memory related security vulnerabilities in the legacy line printer daemon (LPD), a Windows feature that has been deprecated for 15 years. I can’t see things improving for these print-related functions (given the problems we’ve seen for the past decade). Maybe now is the time to start removing these legacy features from your platform.

Windows lifecycle and enforcement updates

The following Microsoft products will be retired this year:

Of course, we don’t need to mention the elephant in the room. Microsoft will end support for Windows 10 in October.

Each month, we analyze Microsoft’s updates across key product families — Windows, Office, and developer tools — to help you prioritize patching efforts. This prescriptive, actionable, guidance is based on assessing a large application portfolio and a detailed analysis of the Microsoft patches and their potential impact on the Windows platforms and apps.

For this release cycle from Microsoft, we have grouped the critical updates and required testing efforts into different functional areas including:

Remote desktop

January has a heavy focus on Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway) and network protocols, with the following testing guidance:

  • RD Gateway Connections: Ensure RD Gateway (RDG) continues to facilitate both UDP and TCP traffic seamlessly without performance degradation. Try disconnecting RDG from an existing/established connection.
  • VPN, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth Scenarios: test end-to-end configurations and nearby sharing functionality.
  • DNS Management for Operators: Verify that users in the “Network Configuration Operators” group can manage DNS client settings effortlessly.

Local Windows file system and storage

File system and storage components also get minor updates. Desktop and server file system testing efforts should focus on:

  • Offline Files and Mapped Drives: Test mapped network drives under both online and offline conditions. Pay close attention to Sync Center status updates.
  • BitLocker: Validate drive locking and unlocking, BitLocker-native boot scenarios, and post-hibernation states with BitLocker enabled.

Virtualization and Microsoft Hyper-V

Hyper-V and virtual machines receive lightweight updates:

  • Traffic Testing: Install the Hyper-V feature and restart systems. Monitor network performance and ensure no regressions in virtual network traffic or virtual machine management.

Security and authentication

Key areas for security-related testing include:

  • Digest Authentication Stress Testing: Simulate heavy loads while using Digest authentication to uncover potential issues.
  • SPNEGO Negotiations: Verify Secure Negotiation Protocol (SPNEGO) functionalities in cross-domain or multi-forest Active Directory setups.
  • Authentication Scenarios: Test applications relying on LSASS processes and ensure that protocols like Kerberos, NTLM, and certificate-based authentication remain stable under load.

Other critical updates

There are some additional testing priorities for this release:

  • App Deployment Scenarios: Install and update MSIX/Appx packages with and without packaged services, confirming admin-only requirements for updates.
  • WebSocket Connections: Establish and monitor secure WebSocket connections, ensuring proper encryption and handshake results.
  • Graphics and Themes: Test GDI+-based apps and workflows involving theme files to ensure UI elements render correctly across different view modes. Some suggestions include foreign language applications that rely on Input Method Editors (IMEs).

January’s updates maintain a medium-risk profile for most systems, but testing remains essential — especially for networking, authentication, and file system scenarios. We recommend prioritizing remote network traffic validation, with light testing for storage and virtualization environments. If you have a large MSIX/Appx package portfolio, there’s a lot of work to do to ensure that your package installs, updates and uninstalls successfully.

Each month, we break down the update cycle into product families (as defined by Microsoft) with the following basic groupings: 

  • Browsers (Microsoft IE and Edge) 
  • Microsoft Windows (both desktop and server) 
  • Microsoft Office
  • Microsoft Exchange and SQL Server 
  • Microsoft Developer Tools (Visual Studio and .NET)
  • Adobe (if you get this far) 

Browsers

There were no Microsoft browser updates for Patch Tuesday this month. Expect Chromium updates that will affect Microsoft Edge in the coming week. (You can find the enterprise release schedule for Chromium here.)

Microsoft Windows

This is a pretty large update for the Windows ecosystem, with 124 patches for both desktops and servers, covering over 50 product/feature groups. We’ve highlighted some of the major areas of interest:

  • Fax/Telephony
  • MSI/AppX/Installer and the Windows update mechanisms
  • Windows COM/DCOM/OLE
  • Networking, Remote Desktop
  • Kerberos, Digital Certificates, BitLocker, Windows Boot Manager
  • Windows graphics (GDI) and Kernel drivers

Unfortunately, Windows security vulnerabilities CVE-2025-21275 and CVE-2025-21308 both affect core application functionality and have been publicly disclosed. Add these Windows updates to your “Patch Now” release schedule.

Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office gets three critical updates, and a further 17 patches rated important. Unusually, three Microsoft Office updates affecting Microsoft Access fall into the zero-day category with CVE-2025-21366, CVE-2025-21395 and CVE-2025-21186 publicly disclosed. Add these Microsoft updates to your “Patch Now” calendar.

Microsoft Exchange and SQL Server

There were no updates from Microsoft for SQL Server or Microsoft Exchange servers this month. 

Microsoft Developer Tools (Visual Studio and .NET)

Microsoft has released seven updates rated as important affecting Microsoft .NET and Visual Studio. Given the urgent attention required for Office and Windows this month, you can add these standard, low-profile patches to your standard developer release schedule. 

Adobe and third-party updates

No Adobe related patches were released by Microsoft this month. However, two third-party, development related updates were published; they affect GitHub (CVE-2024-50338) and CERT CC patch (CVE-2024-7344). Both updates can be added to the standard developer release schedule.

How Apple is in the race for workplace AI

In a few years, every new employee entering the workforce will already have become accustomed to using AI to solve problems and help with tasks – and they’re going to want the same tools at work as those they use at home. That’s the important take-away from new research that shows about a quarter of US teens have used ChatGPT for schoolwork.

We know, because we’ve seen it already; once powerful technologies take hold in the school room, they tend to proliferate across business markets later. We’ve seen it happen before with the Mac, the PC, iPad, and iPhone. We’ve seen it happen in the evolution of photo-sharing sites and social media. 

We’re going to keep seeing this happen in the future.  You don’t have to like it, but you have to accept that once a technology reaches critical mass in the schoolroom, it appears in business later.

Tomorrow’s world

Tomorrow’s employees have grown up with that tech, meaning Gen Z is also set to be Generation AI. This is going to become increasingly important to business users, who will need to make the right investments today to ensure they have appropriate tech (including experience and policy) in place. 

This is something that’s evidently important to device, service, and operating system vendors, as each and every one of them is now engaged in a rapid sprint to deploy AI in their offerings. Apple, of course, is a little unique in that it is attempting to weave privacy into the systems it providesincluding Apple Intelligence, something that will be seen as of increasing importance to business users as they seek to lock down their information, both in competitive terms and also to meet data protection requirements. 

For digital natives, privacy is a currency they want to control

It’s interesting to see how Generation Z sees privacy. These digital natives want to control the digital narrative concerning their lives, have grown up with the internet, and are more likely to digest information in video than written form. 

They also understand how things work. That means they know about the privacy settings on their devices and are more likely than older generations to use them.  They are prepared to share personal information in exchange for personalized services, but are concerned about misuse, abuse, or tracking of them or their data — and don’t have much faith in the ability of companies to protect that information. 

This implies that, when they begin their working lives, they will prefer workplace solutions that provide both convenience and privacy. But as the digital transformation experience accelerated by the iPhone-led smartphone revolution showed, they will still use AI — even if companies don’t approve the services they prefer.  

This is why it is important today to test and rate existing AI systems against your own business security and privacy policies.

Invest in infrastructure

By the time your next generational employee intake takes place, you’ll want to ensure the use of AI across your organization has been tested, verified, and has become mature. Otherwise (and not for the first time), current generations will be leaving it to subsequent ones to figure out how to shave the corners off the wheel, giving those who’ve already figured out how to build better roads for those circular objects the edge when it comes to supporting any kind of customer journey. 

It remains to be seen the extent to which AI will either unleash the creativity and innovation its proponents promise us, or confine human endeavor to an Overton window defined by the people who build the AI systems we use. But we already seem unable to leave the vehicle. 

There is one more thing for business users planning their AI deployments to consider, and that’s Apple. You see, despite Siri, Apple already has a strong grip on Generation Z — its market share among US teens continues to grow. They like Apple and its services.

While they don’t see Apple Intelligence as a particularly big draw yet, in the fast-moving long game of AI deployment, so long as Apple focuses on things they care about — such as privacy — and delivers AI that does what it says it does, the company’s resurgence in enterprise markets will continue. That means demand for Apple in the workplace will continue to grow, and it will remain essential to open things up with employee choice schemes and consider Mac, iPad, and iPhone deployments across US business. 

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Support for Microsoft 365 on Windows 10 ends in mid-October

Bildschirm mit Microsoft 365
Support for Microsoft 365 ends along with Windows 10

PixieMe/Shutterstock

Although Microsoft announced some time ago that Windows 10 will only be supported (free of charge) until October 14, 2025, the switch to its successor Windows 11 is only taking place slowly.

According to calculations by security provider Eset, 32 million PCs in Germany are still running Windows 10. The situation is similar in other countries. One reason for this is that although the switch to Windows 11 is free, there are stricter hardware requirements which , according to studies by Lansweeper, around 50 percent of computers in Germany do not meet.

Functional, but not supported

To urge more users to upgrade to Windows 11, Microsoft recently announced in a blog post that Microsoft-365 apps will no longer be supported on Windows 10 devices after October 14, 2025. “To use Microsoft 365 apps on your device, you will need to upgrade to Windows 11,” it continued.

The blog post raised numerous questions, and has since been deleted by Microsoft. However, there was no correction or explanation.

What the software giant was actually getting at is shown by a support page on the subject that was updated in December. Here, too, Microsoft points out that Microsoft 365 apps will no longer be supported under Windows 10 after the end of support in mid-October. At the same time, however, the company explains that the applications will continue to work as before. However, to avoid performance and reliability problems over time, an upgrade to Windows 11 is strongly recommended.

The reasoning: “Microsoft 365 is subject to the Modern Lifecycle Policy, which requires that customers keep the product or service up to date according to maintenance and system requirements and use Microsoft 365 on a Windows operating system for which support is currently provided.”

License versions not affected

The situation is somewhat clearer for Office versions with a one-time license: Based on the Fixed Lifecycle Policy, “Office Home & Student”, “Office Home & Business” or “Office Professional Plus” will continue to be fully supported under Windows 10 — as long as they do not reach the end of support themselves. Support for Office 2016 and 2019 will also end at the same time as Windows 10.

Robots get their ‘ChatGPT moment’

Nvidia unveiled a new platform at CES called Cosmos. It’s a world foundation model (WFM) development platform designed to advance and accelerate Physical AI for robots and self-driving vehicles (which are also, in fact, robots).

Understanding digital twins and physical AI

I’ve written before about Physical AI in general and Nvidia’s initiatives in that space specifically. 

The “Physical AI” concept involves creating complex virtual environments that simulate real-world physics, where digital replicas of robots and systems can learn and optimize their performance. 

For factory robots, as an example, an Omniverse customer would create a “digital twin” of the factory in a virtual reality space. Every detail of the factory floor would be replicated, with the distances between objects exactly the same as in the real, physical factory. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in the real factory feed data into the twin, keeping it in an identical state.

Crucially, the virtual twin in Omniverse is programmatically endowed with physics — gravity, inertia, friction, and other physical qualities that are applied to anything happening in the twin. Companies can design, simulate, operate, and maintain their factories virtually through twins.  And they can train robots and robotic systems in Omniverse. 

The newly announced Cosmos works in conjunction with — and dramatically  amplifies — the ability of Omniverse robot training through the creation and use of World Foundation Models (WFMs).

What in the world are ‘World Foundation Models”?

If you’re unfamiliar with the phrase “World Foundation Models,” that makes sense, because it’s pretty new and most likely coined by Nvidia. It conjoins the existing (but also recent) concepts of “world models” (AI systems that create internal representations of their environment to simulate and predict complex scenarios) and “foundation models” (AI systems trained on vast datasets that can be adapted for a wide range of tasks).  

According to Nvidia, WFMs are an easy way to generate massive amounts of photoreal, physics-based artificial data for training existing models or building custom models.  Robot developers can add their own data, such as videos captured in their own factory, then let Cosmos multiply and expand the basic scenario with thousands more, giving robot programming the ability to choose the correct or best movements for the task at hand. 

The Cosmos platform includes generative WFMs, advanced tokenizers, guardrails, and an accelerated video processing pipeline. Developers can use Nvidia’s Omniverse to create geospatially accurate scenarios that account for the laws of physics. Then, they can output these scenarios into Cosmos, creating photorealistic videos that provide the data for robotic reinforcement learning feedback. 

Again, a great way to understand this is to compare it with the LLM-based ChatGPT. 

I recently wrote about how Google’s LLM-based tool, NotebookLM, is fantastic for learning something complex. At the time, I described the following use case: 

“Rather than reading advanced material, it’s far faster and more engaging to let NotebookLM’s ‘Audio Overviews’ feature create a life-like podcast for you to listen to. It will create a ‘study guide,’ a FAQ, a ‘briefing guide,’ and a timeline, enabling you to quickly look at dense content from multiple angles, perspectives, and levels. You can start by asking the chatbot to explain it to you like you’re a sixth-grader, then a high school senior, then an undergrad, and on up until you’ve mastered the material.”

In this scenario, you’re “training” your brain by taking an existing data set and telling the chatbot to give you that same data sliced, diced, and re-formatted in eight or more ways. 

This is also how WFMs work, in outline. The developer takes existing training data and feeds it into Cosmos, which creates more training scenarios that are as usable as the original set. They can turn 30 scenarios into 30,000, which the robot uses as if actual trial-and-error learning had taken place. 

Cosmos’s output looks like real-world training data, but it can rapidly train robots in thousands of scenarios. 

Robotic’s ChatGPT moment

Nvidia implies that Cosmos will usher in a “ChatGPT moment” for robotics. The company means that, just as the basic technology of neural networks existed for many years, Google’s Transformer model enabled radically accelerated training that led to LLM chatbots like ChatGPT. 

In the more familiar world of LLMs, we’ve come to understand the relationship between the size of the data sets used for training these models and the speed of that training and their resulting performance and accuracy. 

Elon Musk pointed out recently that AI companies have exhausted human-generated data for training AI models. “We’ve now exhausted basically the cumulative sum of human knowledge…in AI training,” he said. 

Data for training robots is also limited — but for a different reason. Training data in the real physical world is simply slow and expensive. Unlike human-generated text, which has already happened at scale over centuries, robot-training data has to be generated from scratch. 

Likewise, robots and self-driving cars can essentially “learn” how to do their jobs and navigate complex and unfamiliar terrain. Cosmos (working with Omniverse) should dramatically increase the amount of training that can take place in a much shorter time frame.

Driving safety


The idea of testing autonomous vehicles with massive sets of physics-aware data is a vast improvement over how self-driving cars and trucks have historically been trained — which is that they drive around in the real world with a safety driver. 

Driving in the real world with a person as backup is time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes dangerous — especially when you consider that autonomous vehicles need to be trained to respond to dangerous situations.

Using Cosmos to train autonomous vehicles would involve the rapid creation of huge numbers of simulated scenarios. For example, imagine the simulation of every kind of animal that could conceivably cross a road — bears, dear, dogs, cats, lizards, etc. — in tens of thousands of different weather and lighting conditions. By the end of all this training, the car’s digital twin in Omniverse would be able to recognize and navigate scenarios of animals on the road regardless of the animal and the weather or time of day. That learning would then be transferred to thousands of real cars, which would also know how to navigate those situations (with no animals harmed).

If Nvidia is right, and we have arrived at a “ChatGPT moment” for robotics, then the pace of robotics advances should start accelerating, driving major efficiencies and mainstreaming autonomous vehicles on public roads globally for many companies (not just Waymo in a few cities). 

One fascinating aspect of the new generative AI world in which we live is that predictions are futile. Nobody knows how all this will develop. 

And this appears to be true with predictions about how long it will take for everything to become extremely robotic. It’s probably all going to happen much  faster than anyone thinks. 

What everyone’s missing about Android upgrades in 2025

When we talk about Android upgrades, it’s all too easy to miss the forest for the trees.

It’s a familiar tale here in the land o’ Googley matters — and with some wacky-seeming changes on the way for Android upgrades in 2025, the myopic musings are only getting louder.

Surely you’ve seen these sentiments, right? One just popped up in my feed the other day, in fact, with a saucy-seeming headline stating that the current Android 15 update is “a waste of a software upgrade.”

In it, the author notes that Android 15 doesn’t introduce many obvious front-facing changes to a phone’s look and feel and is consequently, as he puts it, a “useless” update.

It’s a déjà-vu-inducing view — one we inevitably hear after virtually every Android update. Now, though, it includes a new variable as part of its argument: the fact that Google is shifting away from its annual cadence for new Android versions in 2025 and moving instead toward a twice-yearly pattern for official operating system rollouts. And thus, the thinking goes, each individual update is bound to become even less significant.

For anyone staring only at the surface and without the deeper context of everything happening in the Android software ocean, it sure sounds like an sensible conclusion. But my, oh my, you’d better believe there’s a lot more going on here — and Google, unfortunately, has never been great about making regular phone-owning folk aware of that bigger picture.

Specifically, we’ve got two pesky misconceptions we’re gonna hear plenty more of in the months to come. Let’s tackle ’em both and get to the bottom of why they’re misguided, shall we?

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Android upgrade misconception #1: Android updates don’t matter

Ah, yes — a classic complaint and one we’ve been hearing for ages: “This update barely changes anything! I guess I didn’t really need it after all.”

And look: I certainly get why it could seem that way. There’s a reason why each new generation of a physical product tends to look different from the last. We mealy-mouthed mammals need an obvious, front-facing visual that confirms to us something is new and exciting, lest it seem like more of the same.

But as I’ve been reminding folks for years now, an Android update is about much more than what you see on the surface.

Sure, the shiny new stuff is nice. Who doesn’t love exploring fun new features and interesting interface improvements? Those are the elements most of us relate to most readily.

But the most important parts of an Android update are typically what’s under the hood and often even invisible to us from the outside.

Each new Android update, y’see, includes an array of engine-room enhancements along with noteworthy privacy, security, and performance strengtheners — things that go beyond the little fixes provided in those separate monthly patches. Beyond that, each update introduces both expansions and restrictions to APIs, which are what permit third-party apps to interact with your phone and data and perform a variety of advanced functions. Frequently, the updates better control how and when apps are able to access different types of data and make it more difficult for them to take advantage of permissions.

You may not immediately see all that stuff, but — oh, yes — you’d better believe it matters.

That aside, even in terms of front-facing features, Android 15 actually includes a surprising amount of interesting stuff — everything from the introduction of a platform-level place for securely storing important files to an intelligent auto-adjusting vibration control, a new and more effective system volume panel setup, and a useful new charging-time home control screensaver. And that’s just the start.

Now, could Google do a better job of (a) showcasing this stuff and (b) educating everyone about the importance of all the less visible advantages each new update introduces? Absotively. That’s been a soapbox subject of mine for something like 737 years now.

But just because it isn’t in your face doesn’t mean it isn’t there — or that the update itself doesn’t matter. At this point, at least, it’s just up to you to do a little discovering (or, ahem, to read a pithy weekly newsletter that points you to all the pertinent info) and wrap your brain around the benefits both front-facing and unseen.

Android upgrade misconception #2: iPhones get more with their annual updates

Whoo, boy — is this ever a fun one.

From the earliest days of Android, there’s been a popular perception that Apple does way more for its iDevices and gives iPhone owners a major advantage over us Android-appreciating animals.

With no disrespect to the Apple adorers among us, this couldn’t be more off-base.

Again, Google doesn’t do a great job of highlighting this and helping average Android phone-owners appreciate the bigger picture — but, well, go go gadget self-quote summoner:

With Android, operating system updates are only half the story. For well over a decade now, Google’s been pulling what were once core operating system elements out of the operating system proper and treating them as standalone apps instead. That means those elements — all of which are still considered part of the single-bundle operating system in the land of iOS — get updated numerous times a month, all throughout the year. And those updates reach every single Android device within a matter of days, regardless of which company made it or how long ago it was released.

A perfect example of that principle in action is how Google recently made a quiet under-the-hood update to a system-level utility called Google Play Services that gave all Android phone-owners with 2019’s Android 10 or higher a trio of important new security features — instantly, universally, and without any manufacturer or carrier involvement.

Those types of underemphasized updates arrive on Android all the time — with random rollouts like that as well as with the now-standard quarterly feature drops and monthly security patches, too.

And all of that is still but one tiny example of the effect we’re talking about here.

Back to that self-quoting magic:

Time for the biggest and most rarely acknowledged reality check of all: At this point, nearly every single element that’s considered a significant part of an annual Apple iOS update is handled in an a la carte manner on Android — with multiple monthly updates that impact close to every still-functioning Android phone. In other words, even Android phones from eight years ago get updates numerous times a year that are all virtually equivalent to an entire iOS operating system rollout. Those updates just aren’t packaged neatly or presented cohesively, and most people don’t consider how all of the small-seeming pieces add up.

It’s no exaggeration: When you look at an average Apple iOS update, nearly every high-profile addition tends to be something that’s handled by a standalone app in Android and updated year-round — whether we’re talkin’ updates to messaging and video calling, voice-to-text translation, or system-level tools like the browser, maps app, notes app, and mobile payment applications. 

Heck, the same even applies for updates to things like Gemini, which occur nearly constantly on Android but only as part of those annual bundled OS updates on the Apple side of the mobile divide, with its equivalent.

The main difference is just that Google just doesn’t do much to draw attention to it or emphasize how it all fits into the same broader picture. And — well…

What’s especially interesting is that with rare exception, there are virtually no limits to how and when those scattered Android updates apply. The nearly-nine-year-old Nexus 4 sitting in my desk drawer still gets every update to every one of those applications every month and receives the same sort of functionality Apple is delivering as part of its [latest] iOS update in small deliveries year-round. …

For as good as Apple’s support is, it typically stops entirely after a phone has passed the six-year mark since its release. And what’s almost always overlooked in the glowing headlines about iOS updates is the fact that even devices from a year or two ago frequently don’t get all of the features announced in a new iOS update. In fact, the vast majority of these latest additions and improvements have some manner of cutoff or restriction associated with ’em, even within that six-year window.

So while an older iPhone is still getting the latest update — and while that’s undeniably a very good thing! — it’s also very accurate to say that an equally dated Android device is ultimately getting more current features and updates even more regularly. It’s just framed in a very different and generally less attention-grabbing way.

Plain and simple, it’s an apples-to-oranges comparison. But all of that not-so-obvious nuance tends to get lost in the shuffle of most public discussions.

Here in 2025, the level of nuance is only gonna grow greater. We’ve got Android 16 on the horizon with its extra-early Q2 timeline, then a second smaller Android update set for the fourth quarter of the year (which may or may not sport its own new number).

But that expanding framework aside, y’know all the smaller stuff we just went over? Yup — all of that is also still present and pertinent as ever: the in-between-update quarterly feature drops, the separate monthly security patches, and perhaps most important, all the ongoing week-to-week updates of system-level apps both front-facing and under-the-hood, all year long.

So, yeah: Android updates matter, all right. And with more of ’em slated to show up in the year ahead, that perspective is more important than ever to wrap your head around and remember — even if the Apple marketing machine will do everything in its power to downplay that reality and make you forget.

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